Andrej Karpathy says we’re marching from hand-written “Software 1.0” to NN-driven “2.0” and, finally, LLM-powered “3.0.” In my view, neural nets haven’t eaten deterministic code—kernels, browsers, games, and most business logic still run old-school. What has changed is the supply chain: LLM co-pilots (“Software 1.5”) already touch nearly every commit, nudging us towards language and architectures that LLMs are good at. The future belongs to teams that harness those co-pilots while keeping humans firmly on the trigger.

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